There are various Pipe Fittings Manufacturing Process that used to manufactured Elbow, Tee, Reducers and other pipe fittings.
Fittings are manufactured from Seamless Pipe and from Welded Pipe with filler material (ERW & EFW pipes cannot be used to manufactured fittings). large diameter fittings are manufactured from Plate.
To manufactured wrought fitting various methods are used, these are the different type of Hot and cold forming process.
These methods are
- Hot forming or Extrusion Method
- Hydraulic Bulge method – Cold forming
- UO or Single weld seam Method
- Monaka or Double weld seam Method
- Deep Drawing Method for caps
- Flare Method for Stub ends
ELBOWS Manufacturing Process:
Mandrel method (Hot Forming)
- One of the most common Pipe Fittings Manufacturing Process for manufacturing Elbows from the pipe is mandrel method which is kind of hot forming methods.
- In this method, the pipe is cut in pieces and push with the help of hydraulic ram. Induction heating coil heats the pipe and, it is pushed over a die called “mandrel” which allows the pipe to expand and bend simultaneously.
- This method can be used to manufacture a wide range of the diameter of elbows
Extrusion Method
In cold Extrusion method, a pipe with the same diameter as finished product is pushed through a die and formed into its desired shape. Usually applied to stainless steel small to medium sizes elbows.
UO Method
UO method is used to manufacture medium size of the elbow, tee, and reducers. The plate is cut out into a specially designed shape, it is formed first into a U-shape using a die and then into an O-shape or tubular form using another die, that is why this method is known as UO method. Once the fittings formed in tumbler shaped it is welded from inside and outside of the closing seam. A cut plate is 1st from in U shape and then in O shape.
Hot Forming Method
In a Hot Forming Die Bending method, a Pipe is heated to forming temperature & formed in the die with the specific shape, this process may be repeated as needed to obtain the required shape, size and wall thickness. Usually applied to thick-wall items that cannot be bent on a mandrel die.
TEE Manufacturing Process:
Hydraulic Bulge Method
Hydraulic Bulge method is used to manufacture Tee. Cut piece of Pipe is placed in hydraulic die and liquid is fill inside the pipe, Hydraulic pressure pushes out the branch, in the fixed opening in the die. This method gives the good surface finish. However, higher thickness Tee cannot be manufactured by this method.
Hot Extrusion Method
Tee with large diameters, heavy wall thickness and /or special material with challenging workability that cannot be manufactured using the hydraulic bulge method are manufactured using hot Extrusion Method. In hot Extrusion Method, Normally Bigger diameter pipe is used than the finished product size, the branch outlet is extruded from the pipe with help of extrusion tool. Other dimensions of body and branch can also be adjusted by pressing the die if required.
Reducer Manufacturing Process:
Outer Die Method
Most common method for manufacturing Reducers is Outer Die method. The pipe is cut and pressed in the outer die; compressing the one end of the pipe into a smaller size. This method is useful for manufacturing of small to medium size of reducers.
Cap Manufacturing Process:
Deep Drawing Method
CAPS are manufactured by Deep Drawing method. In this method, Plate is cut out in a circle and formed by deep drawing die.
Stubend Manufacturing Process:
Flaring Method
Stub Ends or Lap Joints Flange are manufactured by flaring method. Pipe end is a flare or spared out to form flange face. Stub ends are also manufactured by forging in which forge block are machined to final dimension.
Fitting Heat Treatment
Hot finished pipe fittings do not require heat treatment, however, for Cold finished pipe fittings Heat treatment is required as per applicable ASTM standard.
Hot finished pipe fittings do not require heat treatment, however, for Cold finished pipe fittings Heat treatment is required as per applicable ASTM standard.
Common Heat Treatment for Fittings are
- Normalizing
- Quenching
- Tempering
- Solution Annealing
- Stress relieving
- And Combination of above
